Cross Functional Enterprise System

Cross Functional Enterprise System SWOT Analysis is a tool used to identify the internal strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats environment of Aalsmeer Flower Auction. Table 1 below shows the strengths and weaknesses within the company, and the opportunities and threats faced by Aalsmeer Flower Auction. 1.2 Information Requirements The board of Aalsmeer Flower Auction requires an information system that could help to support its e-business activities. It is important for the company to view information systems as a set of technologies that will support efficient business operations, work groups and enterprise collaboration in order to success (OBrien Marakas, 2008, p.44). Hence, the company needs to know the information requirement in order to set up an electronic auction market. Hardware and software are the main information requirement. It is use to perform input, processing and output activities of the business. Once the hardware and software are installed, the company needs to consider whether the end users familiar with the system and understand how to use the system. Beside that, the company has to ensure that users security when using the system. For instant, when buyers make their online payment, they make sure that their credit cards are safe and cannot be hack. Furthermore, maintenance of the system is important information that the company needs to know in order to keep the system operational. (Scribd, 2011) 2.0 The New System and Objectives 2.1 Cross-Functional Enterprise System An enterprise system is essential to an organization to ensure information can be shared across all business function (Stair Reynolds, 2008, p.220). Aalsmeer Flower Auction may develop an integrated cross-functional enterprise system that cross the boundaries of the traditional business and organization functions (OBrien Marakas, 2008, p.250). The purpose of this system is to reengineer and improve vital business processes all across the enterprise (OBrien Marakas, 2008, p.250). Besides that, cross-function enterprise system is view as a strategic way to share information resources and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of business processes, and develop strategic relationships with customers, suppliers, and business partners (OBrien Marakas, 2008, p.250). This system are integrated by enterprise resource planning (ERP), supply chain management (SCM), and customer relationship management (CRM). The company will be also using the World Wide Web and their intranets and extranets as a technology platform for their cross-functional and interenterprise information system (OBrien Marakas, 2008, p.250). With this system, it enables the company to fulfill its objectives. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is an integrated computer-based system designed to integrate and automate many internal business processes and information flows within the company such as integrated logistics, production planning, accounting and finance, sales distribution and human resource function of the company (ERPChronicle.com, 2011). The key objective of an ERP system is to integrate information and view real-time of its core business process from all functional divisions of the company in a single database (TopBits.com, 2011). All information is flow from one system to another automatically with no repetition of entry and thus suppliers, customers and other business partners can access to current and consistent data (Accurate, 2005). With this system, the company can reduce the transaction costs. Running more efficient and effective operation like production management, supply chain and customer relationship management into one streamlined process where everything can be accessed through one enterprise wide information network, and enhance management decision making (ERPChronicle.com, 2011). After implementing ERP system, the company can transform the way they conduct their business and thus achieving the initial objective of the e-business activities. Supply Chain Management (SCM) The implementing of supply chain management (SCM) system is to create a demand driven organization by connecting an extending value chain, streamline traditional supply chain process and eliminating non value added activities (CiteMan Network, 2008-2011). Increasingly, SCM is accomplished using the internet and electronic marketplace to reengineer and streamline traditional supply chain processes (Stair Reynolds, 2008, p.26). The objective of SCM system is create customer value leading to increase organization profitability, shareholder value, and sustained competitive advantage in the long run (MBA Knowledge Base, 2011). Besides that, SCM is to help the company achieve agility and responsiveness in meeting the demands of its customers and needs of its suppliers using a fast, efficient, and low-cost of network business relationships or supply chain (OBrien Marakas, 2008, p.315). In the long run, the initial objectives of the e-business activities to redefine the value chain to reduce transaction costs accomplished. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) To help the company to deliver an excellent customer serving processes in sales, marketing and product service, customer relationship management (CRM) system is recommended (OBrien, 2002, p. 130). The main objective of this system is to build and maintain valuable relationships with the customers, to increase profits and become more competitive (Exforsys, 2000-2011). CRM system will capture key customer data and enable the company to use that data effectively at each stage of the customer relationship (Customer Connect, 2006-2009). In the sales process, CRM tracks customer contacts for cross-selling and up-selling (OBrien, 2002, p. 130) as well as translate the salespeoples skills into institutional knowledge (Customer Connect, 2006-2009). Besides that, CMR helps the company to plan and execute the marketing effort efficiently (Customer Connect, 2006-2009). Furthermore, CRM helps customer service managers quickly create, assign and manage service requests (OBrien, 2002, p. 130). In short, CRM system helps to manage the business effectively, reduce costs and support a total customer care. 2.2 Information Strategies To obtain major advantages over the competitive forces it faces in the global marketplace, strategic information systems are required and the use of internet technologies are essential to gain competitive advantage. 2.2.1 Cost Leadership Strategy Cost leadership strategy concerned with delivering the lowest possible products and services. The company can help the suppliers and customer to reduce their costs such as transaction process, warehousing and shipping costs by implementing online auction and online ordering. Internet is the primary information technology infrastructure that supports e-business applications (OBrien Marakas, 2008, p12). Aalsmeer Flower Auction can use an electronic auction website as information strategy to connect buyers and sellers from all over the globe. Trading on the internet allows the company to reach a larger number of potential customers and suppliers in a shorter time and reaching customers for a low cost per transactions (Kumar and Feldman, n.d). Web auction is easy to use. It allows million of buyers to participate in the live auction which occurs around the world at the same time via online without attending in the auction hall. Buyers will feel convenience and it is the fastest way to make their bid. There is also an auto bid buying method, where it benefits for buyers who have no time to participate in the live auction (FlowerBuyer.com, 1995-2011). The company can implement an online ordering which change its traditional way of selling. Online ordering allows customers to place their order through website. With this service, customers are able to make their order anytime because the website provides 24 hours. Besides that, internet enables Aalsmeer Flower Auction to showcase all the products and provide up-to-date information to customers. In short, online auction and online ordering can substantially lower costs, reduce lead times, and improve the quality of services provided. 2.2.2 Differentiation Strategy The company is said to have competitive advantage when it delivers different products or services from its competitors. Aalsmeer Flower Auction could provide an online customer design, where customers are allowed to have more option and opportunities to customize based on their own preference. Buyers can buy the bunch which allows them to order in smaller quantities. There are some advantages of buying in smaller quantities. First, retailers can access to a wide variety of fresh products all the time. Second, retailers can buy frequently and require several varieties in small volumes. At the same time, they have flexibility to mix and match any products they like, and choose the colour they wish to have. (FlowerBuyer.com, 1995-2011) Besides that, buyers can also select the time schedule when they want to make their delivery. These have satisfied customer tastes which they wish for fresher products, more varieties, smaller quantities and multiple deliveries each week. In addition, online transaction processing system plays a strategic role in electronic commerce. The company can use internet that tie them electronically to their customers and suppliers for online transactions processing (OLTP). In online processing, data are processed immediately after a transaction occurs, which will help to provide superior service to customers and other trading partners. (OBrien Marakas, 2008, p.256) With this system, company goals can be reached. Reducing transaction costs, running more efficient and effective operation, add value to their products, and give them an importance way to differentiate themselves from the competitors. 3.0 System Development Methodology A system development methodology refers to the framework that is used to structure, plan, and control the process of developing an information system (Centers for Medicare Medicaid services, 2005). 3.1 System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) One method of using system approach to develop information system solution is system development life cycle (SDLC). The waterfall model is one of the methodologies that the company can practice. Diagram 2: The waterfall model Investigation Analysis Design Implementation Maintenance Source: Startvbdotnet, 2004-2010 3.1.1 System Investigation The systems investigation stage requires the development of feasibility study, which assesses technical, economic, legal, operation and schedule feasibility (OBrien Marakas, 2008, p.449). Feasibility study is used to test the proposed system, meeting users requirements, and effective use of resources and cost effectiveness (Scribd, 2011). Technical feasibility concerned with whether the hardware, software and other system components can be required or developed to solve the problem. Economic feasibility is the most important study that determines the cost and benefits of the proposed system makes financial sense. If benefits are found to be more than costs, then the analyst decides to continue the development of the proposed system otherwise considers it economically not feasible. (MBA Knowledge Base, 2011) Legal feasibility determines whether laws or regulations can prevent or limit a systems development project. Legal feasibility involves an analysis of existing and future law to determine the likelihood of legal action against the systems development project and possible consequences (Stair Reynolds, 2008, p.351). During operational feasibility study, it is determined whether the system will operate in the way that user wants. It depends upon human resources whether the qualified and experienced manpower is available for the development and implementation of the system. Furthermore, schedule feasibility determines whether the project can be completed within the time frame. If it takes too much time it is likely to be rejected. (MBA Knowledge Base, 2011) 3.1.2 System Analysis Diagram 3: The problems solving steps Define and understand the problem Develop alternative solutions Choose the best solution Implement the solution System analysis Source: Laudon and Laudon, 2009, p.372 Define and understand the problem One of the problems faced by Aalsmeer Flower Auction is that they are still using the traditional way which is floricultural value chain to sell flowers and plants to customers. The company has to stay competitive align with the emergence of alternative, electronically driven flower markets. Besides that, the company has to collect and arranges all the flowers and plans, and gathers all suppliers and buyers in the auction hall before auction can take place. This method of doing business is very costly and time consuming. Furthermore, retailers request for fresher products, more varieties, smaller quantities and multiple deliveries each week in order to satisfy the changing of customers tastes, thus the demand have more influence on supply. The company must react to these changes to support its business processes and to connect with suppliers and customers, hence changing from traditional way to an electronic way to trade flowers and plants. Develop alternative solutions After determining the problems, the next step is to develop alternative solutions. The alternative solutions put forward to solve the problems is to streamline the existing processes that rely on manual procedures, custom-build a software using Microsoft Access or implement an online transaction processing system. Choose the best solution to be implemented The company then must choose the best solution. If the company would like to choose the first solution, however, if given a large numbers of flowers and plants orders, as well as relationship with manufacturers and shippers, redesigning and streamlining a manual ordering and delivery process would not have provided many benefits. If the company would like to choose the second solution, the disadvantage is time consuming, expensive in terms of the programming costs plus the purchase of hardware, software and networking equipment to run the system and link it to the Internet. Although it is very costly, but it is useful using the Microsoft Access because it can provides a fast and accurate data when the numbers of orders are taken. If the company chooses the third solution which is using the online transaction processing system that provides templates and tools for creating simple database system in very short time, provides the hardware for running the application and website and can be accessed by many different users over the web. After determining the advantages and disadvantages each of the alternative solutions, the third alternative solution is the most feasible and best solution that the company can applied. 3.1.3 System Design The purpose of system design is to create a technical solution that satisfies the functional requirements for the system (NYS project management guidebook, n.d.). A data flow diagram (DFD) is being used to show the flow of data through an information system (iReference, 2008-2011). It consists of four components, they are processes, data stores, external entities, and data flows. Diagram 4 below illustrates the data flow diagram of an online ordering system that the company can applied. In process 1.0, customer detail and information are collected and store as member file. After verifying members information, process 2.0 will verify the order items that customers have selected. It then stores the order items information into items file. Besides that, process 2.0 will also updates all the validated orders and store as daily order. Lastly, in process 3.0, the orders are ready to print out the invoice and shipping list. All the invoice and shipping list will than pass to the order processing department to print and later ship the products to customers. 3.1.4 System Implementation A few tasks need to be completed before the system is installed and ready to operate. The system implementation stage involves hardware and software acquisition, testing of programs, conversion of data resources and training. (OBrien Marakas, 2008, p.464) Acquiring hardware and software To obtain the component for an information system, Aalsmeer Flower Auction needs to purchase the new system, computers and networking hardware. It also needs a computer program that governs the operation of the computer (Scribd, 2011). When acquiring the software, it needs to make sure that the application software is supported by the hardware. Testing of programs System testing may involve testing and debugging software, testing website performance, and testing new hardware (OBrien Marakas, 2008, p.472). Several forms of testing should be used, including testing each program (unit testing), testing the entire system of programs (system testing), testing the application with large amount of data (volume testing), and testing all related system together (integration testing), as well as conducting any tests required by the user (acceptance testing) (Stair Reynolds, 2008, p.367). When all managers are satisfied the new system meets the standards, the transaction processing system is accepted for installation. Data conversion Data conversion involves making sure that all files and databases are ready to be used with new computer software and systems (Stair Reynolds, 2008, p.366). Direct strategy is used. This strategy is the simplest conversion strategy which replaces the old system with the new system. Training The company needs to consider whether the end users are have the appropriate skill and experience to use the new business system. There will be an online practice area with step by step instruction guide for user to practice entering data into the system. 3.1.5 System Maintenance Maintenance is required after the installation of software that is performed to keep the system operational (Freetutes.com, 2007-2011). System maintenance involves checking, changing, and enhancing the system to make it more useful in achieving use and organization goals (Stair Reynolds, 2008, p.367). The organizations database must be maintained so that information updated and errors can be eliminated in the system. Consequently maintenance enables users to use the system more efficient and more effective. Other enhancements include capabilities for paying for orders more rapidly, and entering the orders information without waiting for a specified starting date. 4.0 Impact and effectiveness of new system 4.1 Organization Changing new way of doing business to an e-business with the implementation of new information system, Aalsmeer Flower Auctions objective can be achieved easily. The impact included bringing new opportunities and competitive advantages, managing business changes, reducing transaction costs for long term period, increasing market share, and strengthen the link with wholesalers and retailers. The company gain competitive advantage with the developing of website to trade the products via internet compare to their competitors who do not offer this service. This new way of doing business allows the company to reach globally. Thus, increase market share of Aalsmeer Flower Auction. Besides that, the company also can strengthen the customer-supplier relationship. With e-business, the company does not need a large warehouse space to store the flowers and plants, hence, reducing transaction costs. However, the company is having a high investment because they need to purchase new system. The organization is also facing a high risk due to the first time setting up the new system and afraid that the system does not function well. 4.2 Management With electronic system of doing work, information can flow easily, directly and rapidly from buyer to seller because electronic connection and communications are already establish (Scribd, 2011). The management has the effectiveness of using the computerized to reduce the paper workload as well. All reports, payments, and invoices can be printed out easily from the computer. The documents also can be done in a systematic way and organized the workloads effectively. The reports also can be generated and updated automatically by the system in every week. Following this, the effectiveness of using the computerized is to help the management to generate planning with a fastest way. The management first needs to forecast the customers demand and forecast orders. After forecasting, they must plan how many quantities of flowers and plants to order from the suppliers in order to get enough quantities. As a result, all the information from the computer comes out with the easiest and accurate data. 4.3 Employees Employees in Aalsmeer Flower Auction now have to adopt the new way of doing business by using internet technology. However, this is the first time of trading in Flower Auction so it is possibility that employees do not have the required knowledge about e-business. E-business required skilled people and have knowledge about information system so that the organization can operate successfully without failure. Therefore, employee training and development program is necessary. (Scribd, 2011) 5.0 Conclusion Although the company will face a high risk due to the first time setting up new system, suppliers, customers and employees will benefit from the new information system. With the use of information technology and new system the company manages to thrive with todays highly competitive and dynamic business environment. Buyers can easily make their bid and order online. Suppliers no longer need to transport their flowers and plants to the auction hall as the pictures of the flowers and plants will be display in the internet. And lastly, Aalsmeer Flower Auction still plays their role as market mediator. (Scribd, 2011)

How to Solve a Problem Essay

After reading up on the â€Å"Art of Thinking† e-book, chapter 5 explains the 4 stages of the critical thinking process. The first stage of critical thinking is to search for challenges. It explains that not all challenges are obvious and on how you should make it a habit to look out for challenges that comes your way. The second stage of critical thinking is expressing the problem or issue. The e-book explains in more detail the difference between a problem and an issue. The third stage of critical thinking is to investigate the problem or issue. Last but not least, the fourth stage of critical thinking is producing ideas. I think that this is also the critical stage of what makes a critical thinker. When I was in the Navy during my first year, I noticed that it was very difficult to advance in the occupational specialty that I was in compared to the other military occupation. One of the things that I’ve noticed was that the reason why the advancement was difficult was because there were too many people who were in the field rating. The air department field rating was a difficult and dangerous job to be in; especially if you didn’t know what you were doing. There was long 18 hour work days that I had to do whenever there were out to sea deployments to the Persian Gulf. I also had to worry about equipment malfunction and the risk of falling over board from the flight deck. I was very dissatisfied with working with the air department division, so I decided to take the exam for a different rate when I was up for advancement. I was curious to find out what other military occupations were out there for me with less danger on the field and better advancement opportunity. Fortunately for me, the advancement exam that I took was 100% advancement and 18 hours less than what I had to work compared to the air department. Based from my reading of chapter 7, the problem for me was working long hours in a hazardous environment. I asked myself, how can I get out of a hazardous work environment such as working on the flight deck? How can I advance myself to a rate that has less competition? There were also some issues for me that I had to address. One of the questions I had to ask myself regarding the issue was if I should notify my supervisor that I plan on taking the advancement exam for another rate? Is he going to single me out and make me work harder in the division? In order to resolve my problem, I decided to take the advancement exam that focused on operating the radar systems and it was 100% advancement. The working hours were 6 hours on and 18 hours off rotations at the work center. The work environment was also less hazardous and more relaxed compared to the air department. For my issues to get resolved, I decided not to tell any of my supervisors that I plan to leave the division by taking the exam for another rate. I figured that if I don’t tell them what I plan to doing, then they will not single me out or make me work harder compared to the other people in the division. I believe that it was the best decision that I made during my time in the military. Before I decided to take the advancement exam, I noticed that one of my co-workers had also taken the same exam before me. According to chapter 8 of the â€Å"Art of Thinking,† I investigated the problems and issues that relate to working with the operations department compared to working in the air department. I took an eyewitness testimony from my former co-worker who used to work for the air department division, but later switch to the operations department division after taking the advancement exam. He provided the information to me regarding the pros and cons of working with the operations department. The con part of working with operations was that you were working around a lot of high ranking officers and always had to practice for certain drills, but the pro side to it was good advancement and less work hours compared to working with the air department. In conclusion, I think that one of the best ways for me to solve this problem was to avoid going into the air department in the first place. I should have weighed out my options in regards to finding out what other good department divisions that I could benefit from by working with them for the 4 years that I was with the Navy. I noticed that some fields such as working as an electrician has its benefits. I could have been able to transfer all of my work experience into the civilian side and done a similar job like that with more salary pay. I also now understood that the person who recruited me into the Navy had a quote to me in order for him to keep his job as a recruiter, but I should have done a better job in regards to thinking things out more critically in regards to how I was going to benefit from joining the Navy besides getting the educational benefits after successfully completing my contract of serving my country.

Case study: Apple iPhones – Not “Made in America”

What is meant by the globalization of human capital? Is this inevitable as firms increase their global operations? The globalization of human capital refers to the fact that employees are now spread out across the world by their employers. This including, the companies, employed, unemployed, stockholders, consumers, contractors, supply chain, firms and economies. Companies branch out because labor costs are cheaper and productivity is faster.It is inevitable if firms increase their global operations because every country has something different to offer, something new, and without the current innovation being promoted to the market, the company will start to lose its edge on competition. 2. How does this case illustrate the threats and opportunities facing global companies in developing their strategies? Cost and Human Capital is the most important consideration for Global Companies. When President Obama’s inquired about Apple brining the job back to US, it was practically not possible for Apple.The break down in the case study was that it cost a total of $179 to produce an IPhone and it retailed at $500 leaving a profit of $321. This would mean more profit for the global company. For Global company price and profit is the most important consideration to stay competitive. They can use the cheap labor in other countries to be price competitive This gave the perception that Apple did not care about its country. It also gives the perception of greed which a global company can face. 3. Comment on the Apple executive's assertion that the company's only obligation is making the best product possible.â€Å"We don't have an obligation to solve America's problems. † All though it is a harsh comment but I think it makes sense. Apple is a Global company with its offices around the world. It is in business to make money. It is not possible for Apple to solve America’s problem. Apple is just trying to be the best company out there in order to be on top with innovation and success. It is not Apple’s responsibility to solve America’s problems with employment; their responsibility is to form the best product. 4. Who are the stakeholders in this situation and what, if any, obligations do they have?There are two stakeholders in this situation and they are: the companies Apple and Foxconn as well as the Chinese government. Apple has obligations to their employees both domestic and global. They need to be mindful that a corporation is only as good as its products as well as, its image. They need to be mindful that since its headquarters are in the United States, it should do all that it can to maintain a positive image. It is also important to make sure that the products they sell are quality products while keeping the price as low as possible. Foxconn has a stake in its people and the products they export.The unfair and inhumane working conditions forced the government to step in. Foxconn also needs to be mindful of the is sues presented previously for Apple (the difference they are headquartered in China). The fact that labor violations were taking place, China’s government had an obligations to its people. They need to protect their citizens from hazardous work conditions and hold Foxconn accountable for their actions. 5. How much extra are you prepared to pay for an IPhone if assembled in the United States? Personally I feel that the IPhone is already over price as is. The fact that they make $321 of profit off each phone is ridiculous.If the phone is fully assembled in the United State I do not feel the price of the phone should increase at all. There are many products that are specifically made in America that cost the same amount as their global counterparts. Clothes are an example, all things being equal, a t-shirt made overseas cost relatively the same as a t-shirt made in the US. Why should an IPhone be any different? I feel that although the profit from each phone would be decreased, they would sell the same amount of phones if not more. 6. How much extra are you prepared to pay for an IPhone assembled in China but under better labor conditions or pay?What kind of trade-off would you make? This also deals with the question previously asked. I have not changed my stance on IPhone; however, if they were to charge more to have it assembled in China, why couldn’t or wouldn’t they just produce it in America. It would not make sense if they had to increase cost to better working conditions in another country. I believe it would be cheaper to bring some of the laborers here to the US and open a plant here. 7. To what extent do you think the negative media coverage has affected Apple’s recent decision to ask the FLA to do an assessment and the subsequent decision by Foxconn to raise some salaries?What do you think will happen now? I believe that the negative media coverage has inspired Apple to be more cautious about their corporate image. Subsequen tly, it affected their way of thinking so that they had to ask for an FLA assessment. They could ill-afford to continue to be seen in a negative light and heartless. They already stated that â€Å"They don’t have an obligation to solve America’s problems, only to make the best product possible†, after the unfair working conditions and labor violations were discovered it only added to the idea that the company was greedy and didn’t care about their employees.Foxconn took pride in being one of the country’s most effective and efficient manufacturers. It could not allow the perception that they were running a â€Å"sweat shop† in which their employees were working 60 hours a week for little pay. The employee suicides did not help company’s image. They had to raise some salaries in order to save face in the public eye. Also, both companies had to show that although mistakes happened, once they were discovered they were fixed quickly. I be lieve now that the story is out they will have many follow up inspections to insure that both companies never come under scrutiny again.

Job Stress and Its Impact on Employee Performance

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction to the topic People at work worry about all sorts of things; increasing competition for jobs, globalization, terrorism, looking after aging parent and relatives, annual appraisal, new technology, outsourcing of jobs along with increased demand of employer for higher productivity. These and some other factors make the employees experience certain pressures at times. Like they have to meet certain deadlines, cope with some unusual but critical situations on their own as well as adapt to the cultural changes of the organization, meeting certain targets, learn new procedures and attending meetings on time and have to be innovative. These all situations, at first hand, appear to be the essential part of†¦show more content†¦In turn, these conditions may lead to poor work performance or even injury. Job stress is also associated with various biological reactions that may lead ultimately to compromised health, such as cardiovascular disease, or in extreme cases, death. Stress related problems a lso include mood disturbance, psychological distress, sleep disturbance, upset stomach, headache, and problems in relationships with family and friends. The effects of job stress on chronic diseases are more difficult to ascertain because chronic diseases develop over relatively long periods of time and are influenced by many factors other than stress. Nonetheless, there is some evidence that stress plays a role in the development of several types of chronic health problems including cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, and psychological disorders. Because of the widespread damage stress can cause, it’s important to know the limit. But just how much stress is â€Å"too much† differs from person to person. 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Impact Of The Digital Millennium Copyright Act On...

Impact of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act on Copyright Enforcement and Fair Use Jean-Paul Muyshondt University of North Carolina Wilmington Abstract The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 has changed the focus of copyright enforcement away from the act of copyright infringement and toward the act of circumvention of the technologies used to protect the rights of digital media owners. Additionally, the act has had adverse effects that outweigh the benefits that it provides. Key Words: copyright, DMCA, DRM, ethics, fair use, legal/societal impact. 1. Introduction Prior to the 1990s, United States copyright legislation, like the media that it protected, had remained relatively unchanged. The advancement of digital technologies, specifically the advent of the Internet and the increasing ability to easily exchange digital media, prompted a change in copyright law. This change came in the form of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). 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Evaluate and Use Information and Communications Technology...

The purpose of this essay is to research a technological toy, I focused on Bee Bots, which I use in my setting, evaluate and critically analyse the effectiveness of that toy in promoting children’s learning. Later I will demonstrate my personal use of ICT and a record of use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) over a period of one month as a professional role in promoting children’s development in my setting. Finally, I will reflect on my tracking sheet and identify the opportunity to develop ICT in communication with parents. According to Siraj-Blatchford, Whitebread (2003) in supporting children in their development of an early understanding of ICT we are concerned to support them in learning about a wide range of†¦show more content†¦It is available with across curriculum mats to enhance children learning in all area of their development, therefore in my work place we adapt the mats that we already have in our setting and I still feel that we did not use its full potential. So far we used Bee Bot with Alphabet mat, and alphabet flash cards to extend children letter sound recognition and oral language development for children with English as an Additional Language (EAL) to support their listening and recalling skills. Number and shape mat is used to expand children mathematical skills such as counting, number recognition, positional language, shape recognition. Road mat is used to develop children orientation as they need to manipulate, orientate, track and rotate the Bee Bot as well as road s afety skills. Using a Bee Bot also introduce the children to a range of science skills as they interpret design challenges, generate possible solutions, make plans, test and evaluate and modifying the program were necessary (Sprainger, 2007). I founded as well as a number of teachers around the world (see teachers reviews in Appendix C) that Bee Bot are good value for money (manufacture instruction enclose in Appendix B) and the only disadvantage I can find is that after each activity program needs to be cleared in order to reprogrammed again. Although, it is clear that ICT should be used ‘to develop skills across all six areas of learning’ it is the ‘Knowledge and Understanding of the World’ strand aloneShow MoreRelatedThe Statement Of Teaching Philosophy1240 Words   |  5 Pagesand to their professional development. 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Causes of the Showa Restoration Essay Example For Students

Causes of the Showa Restoration Essay Sonno joi, â€Å"Restore the Emperor and expel the Barbarians,†was the battle cry that ushered in the Showa Restoration in Japanduring the 1930’s.Footnote1 The Showa Restoration was a combination ofJapanese nationalism, Japanese expansionism, and Japanese militarismall carried out in the name of the Showa Emperor, Hirohito. Unlike theMeiji Restoration, the Showa Restoration was not a resurrection of theEmperor’s powerFootnote2, instead it was aimed at restoring Japan’sprestige. During the 1920’s, Japan appeared to be developing ademocratic and peaceful government. It had a quasi-democraticgovernmental body, the Diet,Footnote3 and voting rights were extendedto all male citizens.Footnote4 Yet, underneath this seemingly placidsurface, lurked momentous problems that lead to the Showa Restoration. The transition that Japan made from its parliamentary government ofthe 1920’s to the Showa Restoration and military dictatorship of thelate 1930s was not a sudden transformation. Liberal forces were nottoppled by a coup overnight. Instead, it was gradual, feed bya complex combination of internal and external factors. The history that links the constitutional settlement of 1889to the Showa Restoration in the 1930s is not an easy story to relate. The transformation in Japan’s governmental structure involved; thehistorical period between 1868 and 1912 that preceded the ShowaRestoration. This period of democratic reforms was an underlying causeof the militarist reaction that lead to the Showa Restoration. Thetransformation was also feed by several immediate causes; such as, thedownturn in the global economy in 1929Footnote5 and the invasion ofManchuria in 1931.Footnote6 It was the convergence of these external,internal, underlying and immediate causes that lead to the militarydictatorship in the 1930’s. The historical period before the Showa Restoration,1868-1912, shaped the political climate in which Japan could transformitself from a democracy to a militaristic state. This period is knownas the Meiji Restoration.Footnote7 The Meiji Restoration of 1868completely dismantled the Tokugawa political order and replaced itwith a centralized system of government headed by the Emperor whoserved as a figure head.Footnote8 However, the Emperor instead ofbeing a source of power for the Meiji Government, became its undoing. The Emperor was placed in the mystic position of demi-god by theleaders of the Meiji Restoration. Parliamentarians justified the newquasi-democratic government of Japan, as being the â€Å"Emperor’s Will.†The ultra-nationalist and militaristic groups took advantage of theEmperor’s status and claimed to speak for the Emperor.Footnote9 Thesethen groups turned the tables on the parliamentarians by claiming thatthey, not the civil government, represented the â€Å"Imperial Will.† Theparliamentarians, confronted with this perversion of their own policy,failed to unite against the militarists and nationalists. Instead, theparliamentarians compromised with the nationalists and militaristsgroups and the general populace took the nationalists’ claims ofdevotion to the Emperor at face value, further bolstering thepopularity of the nationalists.Footnote10 The theory of â€Å"ImperialWill† in Japan’s quasi-democratic government became an underlyin g flawin the government’s democratic composition. It was also during the Meiji Restoration that the Japaneseeconomy began to build up its industrial base. It retooled, basingitself on the western model. The Japanese government sent outinvestigators to learn the ways of European and Americanindustries.Footnote11 In 1889, the Japanese government adopted aconstitution based on the British and German models of parliamentarydemocracy. During this same period, railroads were constructed, abanking system was started and the samurai system wasdisbanded.Footnote12 Indeed, it seemed as if Japan had successfullymade the transition to a western style industrialized state. Almostevery other non-western state failed to make this leap forward frompre-industrial nation to industrialized power. For example, Chinafailed to make this leap. It collapsed during the 1840s and theEuropean powers followed by Japan, sought to control China byexpropriating its raw materials and exploiting its markets. By 1889, when the Japanese ConstitutionFootnote13 wasadopted, Japan, with a few minor setbacks, had been able to make thetransition to a world power through its expansion of colonialholdings.Footnote14 During the first World War, Japan’s economy andcolonial holdings continued to expand as the western powers wereforced to focus on the war raging in Europe. During the period1912-1926, the government continued on its democratic course. In 1925,Japan extended voting rights to all men and the growth of the merchantclass continued.Footnote15 But these democratic trends, hid the factthat it was only the urban elite’s who were benefiting from thegrowing industrialization. The peasants, who outnumbered the urbanpopulation were touched little by the momentous changes this lead todiscontent in a majority of the populace. During the winter of 1921-1922, the Japanese governmentparticipated in a conference in Washington to limit the naval armsrace. The Washington Conference successfully produced an agreement,the Five Power Treaty. Part of the Treaty established a ratio ofBritish, American, Japanese, Italian, and French ships to the ratiorespectively of 5:5:3:1.75:1.75.Footnote16 Other parts of the FivePower Treaty forced other naval powers to refrain from buildingfortifications in the Pacific and Asia. In return, Japan agreed togive up its colonial possessions in Siberia and China.Footnote17 In1924, Japan cut its standing Army and further reduced the size of theJapanese military budget. It appeared to all that Japan was content torely on expansion through trade instead of military might.Footnote18However, this agreement applauded by the Western Powers, symbolized tomany of the nationalists and militarists that the Japanese Governmenthad capitulated to the West. During the Showa Restoration, ten yearsla ter, these agreements were often cited as examples of where thequasi-democratic Japanese government had gone astray.Footnote19 The time preceding the Showa Restoration appeared at firstglance to be the image of a nation transforming itself into afull-fledged democracy. But this picture hid huge chasms that wereabout to open up with the end of the 1920’s. Three precipitatingcircumstances at the beginning of the 1930’s shattered Japan’sdemocratic underpinnings, which had been far from firm: the downturnin the world economy, Western shunning of Japan, and the independenceof Japan’s military. Thus, the shaky democracy gave way to the ShowaRestoration. This Restoration sought to not only restore the ShowaEmperor, Hirohito to power, but lead Japan into a new period ofexpansionism and eventually into World War II. The first event that put Japan on the path toward the ShowaRestoration was the downturn in the world economy. It wrecked havocwith Japan’s economy. World War I had permitted phenomenal industrialgrowth, but after the war ended, Japan resumed its competition withthe other European powers. This renewed competition provedeconomically painful. During the 1920’s, Japan grew more slowly thanat any other time since the Meiji Restoration.Footnote20 During thistime the whole world was in an economic slump, Japan’s economysuffered inordinately. Japan’s rural economy was particularly hard-hitby the slump in demand for its two key products, silk and rice. Thesudden collapse of the purchasing power of the nations that importedJapanese silk such as America; and the worldwide rise in tariffs,combined to stagnate the Japanese economy.Footnote21 In urban Japan, there were also serious economic problems. Agreat gap in productivity and profitability had appeared between the new industries that had emerged with the industrialization of Japanand the older traditional industries. The Japanese leadership was notattuned to such obstacles and thus was slow to pass legislation todeal with its problems.Footnote22 The Meiji government had supportedits economic planning by claiming it would be beneficial to theeconomy in the long-run. When Meiji government promises of economicgrowth evaporated, the Japanese turned toward non-democratic groupswho now promised them a better economic future.Footnote23 Thenationalist and militaristic groups promised that they would restoreJapanese economic wealth by expanding Japanese colonial holdings whichthe democratic leaders had given up. Children And Art Therapy Essay—Footnote1Ruth Benedict, The Chrysanthemum And The Sword (Boston: HoughtonMifflin Company, 1989) 76. Footnote2Marius B. Jansen Sakamoto Ryoma and the Meiji Restoration (Stanford:Stanford University Press, 1971) 147-164. Marius B. Jansen makes clear in this book that the Meiji Restoration(1868-1912) was a movement centered around returning the Meiji Emperorto power. Only later did the Meiji Restoration come to embody liberalreformism. Footnote3Frank Gibney Japan the Fragile Superpower (New York: Meridian, 1985)158-159. Footnote4Tetsuo Najita Japan The Intellectual Foundations of Modern JapanesePolitics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1980) 121. In 1925universal male suffrage was enacted. Footnote5Tetsuo Najita Japan The Intellectual Foundations of Modern JapanesePolitics (Chicago: Chicago University Press,1980) 113. Footnote6Edwin O. Reischauer Japan Past and Present (Tokyo: Charles TuttleCompany, 1987) 170-171. Footnote7Karel van Wolferen The Enigma of Japanese Power (New York: RandomHouse, 1990) 375-376. During the Meiji Restoration Japan saw itsmission to be to catch up with the already industrialized Westernpowers. Footnote8Edwin O. Reischauer Japan Past and Present (Tokyo: Charles TuttleCompany, 1987)125. Footnote9Tetsuo Najita Japan The Intellectual Foundations of Modern JapanesePolitics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1980) 115. Footnote10Edwin O. Reischauer The Japanese Today (Cambridge: Harvard UniversityPress, 1988) 98. Footnote11Frank Gibney Japan the Fragile Superpower (New York: Meridian, 1985)165-166. Footnote12Edwin O. Reischauer Japan Past and Present (Tokyo: Charles TuttleCompany, 1987) 119. During the Meiji Restoration Samurais werestripped of their positions and even prohibited from wearing theSamurai Sword in 1869. Footnote13Frank K, Upham Law and Social Change in Japan (Cambridge: HarvardUniversity Press, 1987) 49. The Japanese constitution was adopted in1889. It set up a British type parliament. The constitution did notprovide the parliamentary government with power over the militarybranch. Footnote14Karel van Wolferen The Enigma of Japanese Power (New York: RandomHouse, 1990) 38. At the turn of the century Japan had started itscolonizing effort in China and other parts of Asia. It was theseefforts at Colonization that developed into the Russo-Japanese War(1904-1905). After winning the war Japan continued with even moregusto to snatch up colonies in Asia. Footnote15Tetsuo Najita Japan The Intellectual Foundations of Modern JapanesePolitics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1980) 121. In 1925universal male suffrage was enacted although in most elections ballotswere only made available to the urban elite. Footnote16Edwin O. Reischauer The Japanese Today (Cambridge: Harvard UniversityPress, 1988) 96. Footnote17Edwin O. Reischauer Japan Past and Present (Tokyo: Charles TuttleCompany, 1987) 150. Footnote18James B. Crawley Japan’s Quest For Autonomy (Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1966) 270-280. Footnote19Tetsuo Najita Japan The Intellectual Foundations of Modern JapanesePolitics (Chicago: Chicago University Press,1980) 128. Footnote20Karel van Wolferen The Enigma of Japanese Power (New York: RandomHouse, 1990) 380-381. In her Book Karel van Wolferen writes, â€Å"TheSuccess of the Meiji oligarchy in stimulating economic development wasfollowed by a further great boost for Japanese industry deriving fromthe First World War. This good fortune came to an end in 1920, and a‘chain of panics’ caused successive recessions and businessdislocation†. Footnote21Edwin O. Reischauer Japan Past and Present (Tokyo: Charles TuttleCompany, 1987) 117. Reischauer makes the point in his book thatexternal factors significantly hurt Japan’s economy. Unlike a nationlike the United States which had vast reserves of natural resourceswhen projectionist trade laws were implemented around the world Japansuffered significantly because it lacked raw materials and markets. Japan’s economy which was guided during the Meiji Era to be primarilyan export based economy. Footnote22Nakamura Takafusa Economic Growth in Prewar Japan (New Haven: YaleUniversity Press, 1983) 151-158. Nakamura Takafusa states that Japanwas growing at vastly different rates between the urban areas andrural areas. Footnote23Frank Gibney Japan the Fragile Superpower (New York: Meridian, 1985)165-166. Footnote24James B. Crawley Japan’s Quest For Autonomy (Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1966) 270-280. Footnote25David M. Reimers Still the Golden Door: The Third World Comes toAmerica (New York: Columbia Press, 1992) 27. Footnote26Tetsuo Najita Japan The Intellectual Foundations of Modern JapanesePolitics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1980) 128. â€Å"The exclusionof Japanese Immigrants by the United States in 1924 and the growth ofmechanized Soviet Power on the Asian continent all confirmed in theJapanese public eye the impending confrontation with the west.†Testsuo views the rise of Japanese nationalism and militarizationresulting in the Showa Restoration to be to a large degree the faultof the west for its maltreatment of Japan diplomatically. Tetsuo alsoviews the Showa Restoration to be largely caused by external factorsthat in consequence unbalanced the fragile Japanese political system. Footnote27Robert Story The Double Patriots (London: Chatto and Windus, 1957)138. Footnote28Karel van Wolferen The Enigma of Japanese Power (New York: RandomHouse, 1990) 380-381. Footnote29Tetsuo Najita Japan The Intellectual Foundations of Modern JapanesePolitics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1980) 114. One of thefamous political leaders of the time Miyake Setsurei called for a newJapan that had â€Å"truth, goodness, and beauty†. Footnote30James Morley Dilemmas of Growth in Prewar Japan (Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1971) 378-411. Footnote31Peter Duus The Rise of Modern Japan (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976). Many of the nationalists of this period claimed the West had trickedJapan into giving up its colonies in Asia so it could take them. TheNationalists also claimed that renewed Japanese expansionism wouldliberate the Asians of their European Colonizers. Footnote32Tetsuo Najita Japan The Intellectual Foundations of Modern JapanesePolitics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1980) 130. The ImperialWay Faction was a right wing political party that called for the ShowaRestoration. It was lead by Kita Ikki, Gondo Seikei, and Inoue Nissho. Footnote33Karel van Wolferen The Enigma of Japanese Power (New York: RandomHouse, 1990) 381-382. Footnote34Tetsuo Najita Japan The Intellectual Foundations of Modern JapanesePolitics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1980) 128. Footnote35Tetsuo Najita Japan The Intellectual Foundations of Modern JapanesePolitics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1980) 138. Historianssuch as Testuo Najita cite this incident as the turning point in themilitary role in Japan. For after this incident the Military realizedthat the parliamentary government did not have the will or the powerto stop the military power. Footnote36Edwin O. Reischauer The Japanese Today (Cambridge: Harvard UniversityPress, 1988) 96. Footnote37Edwin O. Reischauer Japan Past and Present (Tokyo: Charles TuttleCompany, 1987) 171. Edwin O Reischauer writes in his book, â€Å"Therecould be no doubt that the Japanese army in Manchuria had beeneminently successful, The people as a whole accepted this act ofunauthorized and certainly unjustified warfare with whole heartedadmiration†. Footnote38Peter Duus The Rise of Modern Japan (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976)156. The period preceding the Showa Restoration and coming after theMeiji Era is known as the Taisho Era. It is named after the TaishoEmperor who was mentally incompetent and thus the parliamentariansduring this time had control of the government. His reign lasted onlya decade compared to the Meiji Emperor’s 44 year reign. Footnote39Edwin O. Reischauer Japan Past and Present (Tokyo: Charles TuttleCompany, 1987) 171. Footnote40Tetsuo Najita Japan The Intellectual Foundations of Modern JapanesePolitics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1980) 138.